What is Research: Definition, Methods, Types & Examples

What is Research?

Research is the careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or research problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”

Research is conducted with a purpose to:

• Identify potential and new customers
• Understand existing customers
• Set pragmatic goals
• Develop productive market strategies
• Address business challenges
• Put together a business expansion plan
• Identify new business opportunities

Why is Research Important?  

Whether it’s doing experiments, analyzing data, or studying old documents, research helps us learn more about the world. Without it, we rely on guesswork and hearsay, often leading to mistakes and misconceptions. By using systematic methods, research helps us see things clearly, free from biases. 

What is the Purpose of Research? 

In the real world, academic research is also a key driver of innovation. It brings many benefits, such as creating valuable opportunities and fostering partnerships between academia and industry. By turning research into products and services, science makes meaningful improvements to people’s lives and boosts the economy.

What are the Characteristics of Research?  

The research process collects accurate information systematically. Logic is used to analyze the collected data and find insights. Checking the collected data thoroughly ensures accuracy. Research also leads to new questions using existing data.  

Accuracy is key in research, which requires precise data collection and analysis. In scientific research, laboratories ensure accuracy by carefully calibrating instruments and controlling experiments. Every step is checked to maintain integrity, from instruments to final results. Accuracy gives reliable insights, which in turn help advance knowledge.  

Types of Research  

The different forms of research serve distinct purposes in expanding knowledge and understanding:   

• Exploratory research ventures into uncharted territories, exploring new questions or problem areas without aiming for conclusive answers. For instance, a study may delve into unexplored market segments to better understand consumer behaviour patterns.  
• Descriptive research delves into current issues by collecting and analyzing data to describe the behaviour of a sample population. For instance, a survey may investigate millennials’ spending habits to gain insights into their purchasing behaviours.  
• Explanatory research, also known as causal research, seeks to understand the impact of specific changes in existing procedures. An example might be a study examining how changes in drug dosage over some time improve patients’ health.  
• Correlational research examines connections between two sets of data to uncover meaningful relationships. For instance, a study may analyze the relationship between advertising spending and sales revenue.  
• Theoretical research deepens existing knowledge without attempting to solve specific problems. For example, a study may explore theoretical frameworks to understand the underlying principles of human behaviour.  
• Applied research focuses on real-world issues and aims to provide practical solutions. An example could be a study investigating the effectiveness of a new teaching method in improving student performance in schools. 

Types of Research Methods

• Qualitative Method: Qualitative research gathers non-numerical data through interactions with participants. Methods include one-to-one interviews, focus groups, ethnographic studies, text analysis, and case studies. For example, a researcher interviews cancer patients to understand how different treatments impact their lives emotionally.   
  
• Quantitative Method: Quantitative methods deal with numbers and measurable data to understand relationships between variables. They use systematic methods to investigate events and aim to explain or predict outcomes. For example, Researchers study how exercise affects heart health by measuring variables like heart rate and blood pressure in a large group before and after an exercise program. 

Basic Steps Involved in the Research Process  

Basic steps to help you understand the research process:  

1. Choose your topic: Decide the specific subject or area that you want to study and investigate. This decision is the foundation of your research journey.  
2. Find information: Look for information related to your research topic. You can search in journals, books, online, or ask experts for help.  
3. Assess your sources: Make sure the information you find is reliable and trustworthy. Check the author’s credentials and the publication date.  
4. Take notes: Write down important information from your sources that you can use in your research.  
5. Write your paper: Use your notes to write your research paper. Broadly, start with an introduction, then write the body of your paper, and finish with a conclusion.  
6. Cite your sources: Give credit to the sources you used by including citations in your paper.  
7. Proofread: Check your paper thoroughly for any errors in spelling, grammar, or punctuation before you submit it. (6)

How to Ensure Research Accuracy?  

Ensuring accuracy in research is a mix of several essential steps:   

1. Clarify goals: Start by defining clear objectives for your research. Identify your research question, hypothesis, and variables of interest. This clarity will help guide your data collection and analysis methods, ensuring that your research stays focused and purposeful.  
2. Use reliable data: Select trustworthy sources for your information, whether they are primary data collected by you or secondary data obtained from other sources. For example, if you’re studying climate change, use data from reputable scientific organizations with transparent methodologies.  
3. Validate data: Validate your data to ensure it meets the standards of your research project. Check for errors, outliers, and inconsistencies at different stages, such as during data collection, entry, cleaning, or analysis.   
4. Document processes: Documenting your data collection and analysis processes is essential for transparency and reproducibility. Record details such as data collection methods, cleaning procedures, and analysis techniques used. This documentation not only helps you keep track of your research but also enables others to understand and replicate your work.  
5. Review results: Finally, review and verify your research findings to confirm their accuracy and reliability. Double-check your analyses, cross-reference your data, and seek feedback from peers or supervisors. 

Research is crucial for better understanding our world and for social and economic growth. By following ethical guidelines and ensuring accuracy, researchers play a critical role in driving this progress, whether through exploring new topics or deepening existing knowledge.  

FAQs

1. What is research?

Research is a systematic process to discover new knowledge, understand phenomena, or solve specific problems.

2. Why is research important?

Research is essential for advancing knowledge, shaping decisions, driving innovation, and addressing societal needs.

3. What are the types of research?

Research can be categorized as basic, applied, qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods.

4. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research?

Qualitative research uses non-numerical data like interviews, while quantitative research relies on numerical data and statistical methods.

5. What is a research question?

Research question is a focused query that outlines the purpose and direction of a study.

6. What is a hypothesis in research?

Hypothesis is a testable statement predicting the relationship between variables.

7. What is a literature review?

Literature review summarizes and evaluates existing research on a particular topic.

8. What is the scientific method?

Scientific method involves observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and conclusion to explore phenomena systematically.

9. What is the role of ethics in research?

Ethics ensure research integrity, protect participants, and build trust in findings.

10. What is peer review?

Peer review is the process where experts assess research for quality and validity before publication.

11. What is a research design?

Research design is a structured plan for conducting a study, including methods for collecting and analyzing data.

12. What is data analysis in research?

Data analysis interprets collected information to draw meaningful conclusions.

13. What is a case study?

Case study examines a single subject, group, or event in detail to explore complex real-life issues.

14. What is an experimental study?

An experimental study tests cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating variables.

15. What is a survey in research?

Survey collects data from participants using tools like questionnaires or interviews.

16. What is a research proposal?

Research proposal outlines the objectives, methods, and significance of a planned study.

17. What is sampling in research?

Sampling selects a subset of individuals from a population to represent the whole in a study.

18. What is a variable in research?

Variable is a measurable factor that can vary and influence outcomes in a study.

19. What is a control group?

Control group is used in experiments as a baseline comparison to the treatment group.

20. What is the difference between primary and secondary research?

Primary research gathers original data, while secondary research analyzes existing data.